Knowledge, Truth, Belief Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Knowledge, Truth, Belief - Assignment Example One should then seek out processes that are reliable. In all these, we see that any explications, even externalist explications, revolve around and make use of the internalist concepts (Chisholm 295). Goldman is an externalist, by explaining his position in justification after facts. He believes that the justification status of a certain belief is a function of the processes’ reliability. This is an externalistic approach. He disputes Chisholm’ internalist approach that justification status of a certain belief is something that the cognizer determines or is able to know. It is not necessary for the cognizer to know that a certain belief is justified. Rather, it is the reliability of the process that is important; that is, justifying your action after tested/reliable facts. There is a need for a merger between the two approaches. Internalism and externalism on their own provide unsatisfactory responses in answering the deepest epistemological issues (Laurence 8). For a belief to be justified, it is important to possess internal belief. However, it is imperative to base this internal belief on reliable processes. Hence, justification should not solely be determined by factors which are internal to person. For a proper response to epistemological issues, a hybrid of the two systems should be

The Fourteenth Amendment Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fourteenth Amendment Analysis - Article Example The police took notice of the car, and when they confronted her, she conceded of having cocaine. The issue under contention is whether the anonymous tip amounted to reasonable suspicion. The court was of the opinion that such an act amounts to reasonable suspicion (Engdahl, 2009). The court was of the opinion that the basis of knowledge, reliability, and veracity are the main basis amounting to the definition of reasonable suspicion. The anonymous caller satisfied all these conditions. The stop and Frisk search occurs when a police officer encounters a suspicious person, and to prevent an occurrence of crime, they conduct a frisk search (Engdahl, 2009). A stop amounts to temporary interference with the liberty of an individual. The police can implement this concept, only when they have grounds to be reasonably suspicious of a person. Probable cause is a higher of the belief that is supported by facts and can satisfy the threshold of prosecuting a person to a court of law (Engdahl, 2009). This concept is mostly used when a law enforcement agent applies for a search and an arrest warrant. The agent must prove a probable the existence of a probable cause. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches, and entry, but gives an exemption when there exists a probable cause to conduct the search. A valid arrest warrant must show probable cause. The Supreme Court in Carol vs. US, 1971 was of the opinion that information under the police custody providing a valid ground to believe that a crime is about to take place is an element of a probable cause (Engdahl, 2009). The warrant must describe the place and person to be searched. Warrants must provide details of the person under investigation, and the place under suspicion. The address of the place and a vivid description of the suspected person is essential for purposes of the person from the crowd. The magistrate who issues the arrest warrant must be impartial. The magistrate must not be a member of the executive branch, as this contravenes this law.

Re-Thinking Marxs History Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Re-Thinking Marxs History Theory - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  both accounts hold one thing; that social classes are responsible for changes in human history. He also notes that conflict of contradiction is the root of historical change, which is the case in both propositions. In his explanations, there is a striking acceptance that humans are different from other animals because apart from adjusting to their environments, they establish constant relationships with them. According to both accounts, men are in constant bids to transform themselves through production and only do so while associating with others. Such relationships as the ones established between people and their environments become manifest in human relationships.  This study stresses that  there is some form of variation between the two theories, which emanates from the idea of self-consciousness. As much as there is an acknowledgement of the effect of social class, The German Ideology considers production as being the main cause of histori cal transformations. Marx still considers contradictions as the cause of history, but in a different format from the 18th Brumaire. According to German Ideology, true socialism evolved from the continued conflicts within the capitalist economies such as those of France. At that time, France was more economically advanced than Germany, his home country. In the same, Marx considered that all forms of conciseness, which is the basis of revolution, lies in the identity of social class.

General Motors and AvtoVaz of Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

General Motors and AvtoVaz of Russia - Essay Example However, GM could not market their automobiles at this price even though the company had employed different tactics on manufacturing and distribution. Similarly, AvtoVAZ, the largest automobile producer in Russia, had been struggling with sales declines due to product quality issues and tax evasion allegations. In addition, the firm had no sufficient capital to rebuild their business although it had innovative product designs including Niva. Hence, either GM or AvtoVAZ was not in a position to develop and market the Niva without an external assistance. At this juncture, they jointly decided to integrate AvtoVAZ’s domestic market dominance with GM’s technical expertise and market repute. Evidently, the proposed Joint venture (JV) is potential for both organizations. This JV strategy will certainly add value to GM’ global expansion vision since Russia is a potential emerging market. From the case study, it is clear that GM failed to operate successfully in Russian market even though it had practiced the traditional emerging market approach of manufacturing complete cars in its own plants and reassembling the deassembled parts in Russia with local labor. The main cause of failure of GM in Russian market was low income levels of Russians that forced the company to fix extremely cheaper prices for its products. If GM operates its plants in Russia, it can avoid shipping charges and import duties and ultimately use the economies of domestic production to set affordable prices for Russian customers. Furthermore, AvtoVAZ is the most leading player in Russian automobile industry although it currently struggles with some quality issues. Therefore, the JV will assist GM to take advantages of widespread business territories as well as deep Russian market experience of AvtoVAZ. In addition, the national distribution network established by the AvtoVAZ dealers will be beneficial for the GM to skip from the difficulty of developing a dealer network from scr atch. Hence, the proposed integration would promote value creation, a process of identifying competitive alternatives to trim down costs and thereby to provide maximum benefits to customers. Many of the economists hold the view that business integration would contribute to value creation due to operational efficiencies from an internal market and selection of distributors and suppliers (Means of corporate strategy, slide 6). Likewise, the case background clearly points out that it would be very difficult for the firm to compete in Russian automobile market. The Russian automobile sector noticeably lagged behind other huge players in the industry even though the Russian government had specifically focused on the industry’ modernization and development. The case report reflects that the Russian automobile industry’s â€Å"inadequate capital, poor infrastructure, and deep-seated mismanagement and corruption resulted in outdated, unreliable, and unsafe automobiles† (â€Å"General Motors and†¦:, 2). In addition, the instability of Russian economy often causes problems to automobile manufactures as a result of unexpected tax impositions and changes in regulations. Intense political issues in Russia adversely affected the sustainable growth of the country’s automobile industry. Increased rate of defects in new cars was another issue, which persuaded the people to boycott Russian made automobiles. Finally, higher crime rates in the country forced the foreign marketers and

HR Planning at Qantas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR Planning at Qantas - Essay Example In this situation organizations have been increasingly trying to find out what employees think and want from them1. The question of trade union has an important role to play in this context. They are meant to ensure that employees desires are satisfied and that they get a proper working environment and culture for conducting their jobs conveniently and comfortably too. It is also crucial that the strategies that the management undertakes are willingly accepted by employees and unions in order to ensure to make them effective and successful. Employee’s acceptance of the organizational strategies accounts for a key factor for their effective implementation. The project seeks to present the present situation at Qantas Airways which Australia’s flag carrier and regarded as one of the most well known airlines in the world. The company’s maintenance and repair costs account for one of the most expensive in the world; however, they are the least efficient at the same ti me. The most important and prominent contingency faced by the company was to implement any plan as the staff were not willing to accept in change initiated by the management. As presented by Kavanagh and Ashkanasy, (2006), any change management strategy must strive to bring about a complete cultural change in the organization in order to be successful and the most important component in this change process is effective communication and transparency and must be led under proper and competent leadership .... Strategic contingencies affecting the strategic choices that Qantas has from theoretical and practical perspective and effect of the choices on human resource planning The most important and prominent contingency faced by the company was to implement any plan as the staff were not willing to accept in change initiated by the management. As presented by Kavanagh and Ashkanasy, (2006), any change management strategy must strive to bring about a complete cultural change in the organization in order to be successful and the most important component in this change process is effective communication and transparency and must be led under proper and competent leadership2. The various contingencies towards bringing out the changes can be discussed under the certain theories and models3. The primary change management principles are discussed as under. Figure 1: Primary Change Management Principle (Source: Hiatt & Creasey, 2003, P. 15) In this case the resistance towards change is primarily th e main focus of concern. The main aim was to reduce the maintenance costs for which new maintenance regulations were attempted to be implemented. The new maintenance regulations were issued by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority to align the functioning of the airline in accordance to that followed by the European airlines. It also tries to make further advancement in its technologies and services. He realized that the numerous people were responsible for maximizing the profitability of the aircraft in terms of fuel efficiencies and introduction of new products and services. However, it was also realized that the maintenance costs and repair costs were extremely high and this required a complete

Research Empirical Studies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Empirical Studies - Coursework Example 217-241). The sample data is taken from existing studies, in this case a study from the National Crime Panel that details the determination of available data from mapped an unmapped information sources in crime investigation settings. Such data is then factored into analyses of the effectiveness of law enforcement use of data and information to solve crimes. The thinking is that the more effective use of more information can lead to better law enforcement work as such work relates to crime investigations. The data analysis flows from this look into the availability of data and the degree of law enforcement use of such data (Skogan et al., 1979). The key threat to the validity of the research and its findings is that there is only one data source used, and that is a study that was done six years prior to the conduct of the research being described here. The reliance on one set of data limits the general applicability of research findings. This threat to validity is somehow addressed by the integrity of the institution that conducted that older study, and that the study was on a national scale, implying ample representation and ample population sizes (Skogan et al., 1979). Among the findings are that the status quo, where police leaned on data that they had at their disposal historically for particular crimes, yielded crime investigation outcomes that were far from ideal. On the other hand, the study also noted that there existed a larger amount of information from more sources, including bystanders and witnesses to crimes, than are being collected and used. The implication here is that with more rigorous ways of information collection, crime investigation outcomes would improve. The implications of the findings include that there needs to be a more rigorous attempt to gather data and to put up standard procedures

The main functions of public parks Essay Example for Free

The main functions of public parks Essay History The first parks were land set aside for hunting by the aristocracy in medieval times. They would have walls or thick hedges around them to keep game in and other people out. These evolved into the landscaped parks set around aristocratic houses from the sixteenth century onwards. These may have served as hunting grounds but they also proclaimed the owners wealth and status. An aesthetic of landscape design began in these parks where the natural landscape was enhanced by designers such as Capability Brown. With the Industrial revolution parks took on a new meaning as areas set aside to preserve a sense of nature in the large industrial cities. Sporting activity came to be a major use for these urban parks. Areas of outstanding natural beauty were also set aside as national parks to prevent them are spoilt by uncontrolled development.    In the twentieth century a number of meanings arose which associated the designed landscape of a park with other uses such as business parks, theme parks and parkways.   Public Parks, It’s Functions and How They Have Been Accommodated      Public parks, found in population areas such as towns and cities and accessible to the public, are usually ornamented spaces with lawns, flower beds and trees. Intended primarily for recreational use, public parks offer resting-places, paths and sometimes play areas. They vary in size from a small town square to a large tract of land and they often accommodate official functions.    Many smaller neighborhood parks are receiving increased attention and valuation as significant community assets and places of refuge in heavily populated urban areas. Neighborhood groups around the world are joining together to support local parks that have suffered from urban decay and government neglect.    A linear park is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park (i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back). This Parks are sometimes made out of oddly shaped areas of land, much like the vacant lots that often become city neighborhood parks.    The a good example of public park is the Public Gardens of Halifax, conceived by Richard Power, landscape gardener, they were opened to the public in 1875. Power had incorporated earlier gardens developed by the Nova Scotia Horticultural Society from 1837 as well as a municipal garden created in 1867.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today the Public Gardens( Public Park) of Halifax consist of winding paths, flower beds in geometric form surrounded by grass, borders of both perennials and annuals, statues, fountains and a bandstand, the latter attesting to the Victorian taste for open air musical performances.    The principal function of horticultural gardens (Public Park) is for scientific research and public education, although their recreational and aesthetic qualities are often featured. Into this category there were experimental farms (where crop research, agricultural utilization studies and the breeding and testing of ornamental plants for hardiness are carried out), nurseries (where young plants destined for thinning or for use as stock are grown), botanical gardens (where plant species are cultivated, classified and identified for methodical study) and arboreta (nurseries devoted to the experimental cultivation of trees of different species). The Royal Botanical Gardens of Hamilton, established by provincial legislation in 1941 but with an unofficial history dating back to the 1920s when the city began acquiring land for it, is an example of the horticultural garden (Public Park). It consists of vast landscaped gardens including a notable collection of irises, a rock garden, a rose garden, an arboretum (including a lilac garden), a childrens garden, a garden with medicinal plants, natural areas for explaining ecosystems, as well as a program of courses and research. Its activities are principally directed to scientific research, teaching, public education and also amusement.    The institutional garden (Public Park) is a pleasure garden whose function is to complete or enhance public buildings such as hotels, hospitals and factories as well as religious or administrative buildings. Its raison dà ªtre is often directly connected with the buildings function but it also provides an aesthetic complement to the architecture. In the first decades of the twentieth century, gardens were laid out next to schools so that the children could learn the rudiments of gardening. These gardens (Public Park) had a pedagogical function.   In the same period, almost everywhere in the country, gardens were laid out next to small railway stations. They served to beautify the sites and, particularly in the West, to promote the development of new regions.    The grounds laid out between 1875 and 1879 by landscape artist Calvert Vaux in front of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa were designed to reinforce the institution of government. The buildings architects, conscious of the importance of the project, were concerned from the beginning that the grounds be in harmony with the buildings. Vaux included elegant steps leading to a large terrace, a broad sweep for the arrival and departure of vehicles, along with enclosures and low walls, which lend considerable grandeur to the whole. Over time these grounds have acquired an importance derived from their association with major events in Canadian life (ceremonies, celebrations, protests); they have contributed to the symbolic value of the place.    Residential gardens (Public Park) have a much more private, intimate character, whether they are pleasure gardens, vegetable or kitchen gardens or even small plots of aromatic herbs laid out next to private or official residences. Maplelawn in Ottawa, built from 1831 to 1834 by William Thomson, a farmer, had an adjoining walled garden. In its early stages it was probably a kitchen garden for the domestic use of the household. In the 1940s perennial borders were laid out. Today, the garden still has the four-square layout of the beds. Often many such distinct gardens are incorporated into the formal or informal design for the grounds of one residence. For example, the W.B. MOTHERWELL HOMESTEAD in Saskatchewan, developed over time since 1883 and taking into account the local climate and the scientific expertise of the time, contained various pleasure gardens, vegetable gardens, orchards and shelterbelts. RIDEAU HALL in Ottawa, with its fine perennial gardens, is an example of a pleasure garden situated in the pastoral setting of an official estate.    Specialized gardens (Public Park), often designed in response to changing fashions, exclusively feature a single physical element such as water, rocks or roses, or a structural element such as greenhouses, glass-walled rooms or statues. Aquatic gardens, perennial gardens, rose gardens, sculpture gardens, zoological gardens, enclosed gardens, winter gardens, roof gardens and even greenhouses are familiar examples of specialized gardens. A notable example of this garden type is the Cascade of Times rock garden at Banff, constructed in 1935 and intended to display the geology of the Rockies. References Braun, Bradley M.  (May 1992) Science Parks as Economic Development Policy. Castells, Manuel and Hall, Peter. (1994). Technopoles of the world: the making of twenty-first-century industrial complexes. London ;  Ã‚  New York :  Routledge. Duroso, Thomas. (July 8, 1996). Research Parks: Forming Strategies to Adapt to End of Building Boom. Levitt, Rachelle. (1987).  The University/Real Estate Connection: Research Parks and Other  Ventures. Washington, D.C.:   Urban Land Institute.